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Ada Kaleh ((:ˈada kaˈle) from Turkish: ''Adakale'' meaning "Island Fortress", (ハンガリー語:Újorsova'' or ''Ada Kaleh), Serbian and Bulgarian: ''Адакале'' / ''Adakale'') was a small island on the Danube populated mostly by Turks that was submerged during the construction of the Iron Gates hydroelectric plant in 1970. The island was about 3 km downstream from Orşova and measured 1.75 by 0.4–0.5 km. The isle of Ada Kaleh is probably the most evocative victim of the Iron Gate dam's construction. Once an Ottoman Turkish exclave, it had a mosque and numerous twisting alleys, and was known as a free port and a smuggler's nest. == History == The Austrians built a Vauban-type fort there to defend it from the Ottoman Empire, and that fort would remain a bone of contention for the two empires. In 1699 the island came under Turkish control; but in 1716 it was recaptured by the Austrians, and the Fortress of New Orșova was built by Nicolaus Doxat de Démoret, an Austrian colonel of Swiss origin. After a four-month siege in 1738 it became Turkish again, followed by the Austrians re-conquering it in 1789, but they had to return the island to the Turks with the Treaty of Sistova on August 4, 1791, which ended the 1787–91 war between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg Monarchy (and, by extension, the Ottoman–Habsburg wars). Thereafter, the island lost its military importance. In 1804, during the First Serbian Uprising, Serbian rebels, led by Milenko Stojković, caught and executed the "Dahias", the Janissary junta, who had fled Belgrade and taken refuge on the island. Even though the Ottoman Turks lost the areas surrounding the island after the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) (and the Romanian War of Independence which was a part of the same conflict) the island was totally forgotten during the peace talks at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, which allowed it to remain a ''de jure'' Turkish territory and the Ottoman Sultan's private possession until the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 (''de facto'' until the Hungarian Kingdom unilaterally declared its sovereignty on the island in 1913.)〔(Adakale Island in River Danube )〕 Between 1878 and 1918 the areas surrounding the island were controlled by Austria-Hungary to the north and Serbia to the south, but the island was under Ottoman sovereignty. The Ottoman Government continued to appoint and send a ''nahiye müdürü'' (administrative head of a unit smaller than a district and bigger than a village) and a ''kadı'' (judge) regularly. The island's inhabitants (officially citizens of the Ottoman Empire) enjoyed exemption from taxes and customs and were not subject to conscription. The islanders also had the right to vote during the Ottoman general elections of 1908.〔Hürriyet Avrupa (European version of Hürriyet newspaper), 19–20 January 2013, p.12〕 On May 12, 1913, taking advantage of the Balkan Wars, the island was occupied by the forces of the Hungarian Kingdom of Austria-Hungary. It thus became known as Újorsova in the Krassó-Szörény County. This was one of the last unilateral territorial expansions of Hungary before the outbreak of the First World War; the seizure was never officially recognized by the Ottoman government.〔Jungmayer, Mihály: Ada-Kaleh. in: Zsebatlasz naptárral és statisztikai adatokkal. Szerk.: Kogutowitz, Károly Dr. és Hermann, Győző Dr. Magyar Földrajzi Intézet, Budapest, 1913.〕 Following the end of World War I, Romania unilaterally declared its sovereignty in 1919 and strengthened its claim with the Treaty of Trianon in 1920. On July 24, 1923, the new Republic of Turkey officially ceded Ada Kaleh to Romania with Articles 25 and 26 of the Treaty of Lausanne; by formally recognizing the related provisions in the Treaty of Trianon.〔(Full text of the Treaty of Lausanne (1923) )〕 The island was visited by King Carol II of Romania in 1931, and by Prime Minister Süleyman Demirel of Turkey on September 13, 1967. The population lived primarily on the cultivation of tobacco and fishery, and later on tourism. In its last years of existence, the island's population ranged between 600 and 1,000 inhabitants. Before the island was covered by the waters of the Iron Gates dam, part of the population moved to Constanța in Romania and the rest to Turkey, invited by Prime Minister Demirel during his visit to the island.〔 The Ada Kaleh Mosque, dating from 1903, was built on the site of an earlier Franciscan monastery. The carpet of the mosque, a gift from the Turkish Sultan Abdülhamid II, was relocated to the Constanţa Mosque in 1965. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ada Kaleh」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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